@PhDThesis{Gemaque:2012:CaInMa,
author = "Gemaque, Marcos Jorge Alves",
title = "Caracter{\'{\i}}sticas de inflamabilidade de materiais
polim{\'e}ricos com aplica{\c{c}}{\~a}o no setor aeroespacial",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais",
year = "2012",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2012-02-15",
keywords = "inflamabilidade, parafina, polietileno, prote{\c{c}}{\~a}o
t{\'e}rmica, calor{\'{\i}}metro c{\^o}nico, propuls{\~a}o
h{\'{\i}}brida, flammability, paraffin, polyethylene, thermal
protection, cone calorimeter, hybrid propulsion.",
abstract = "Neste trabalho foram analisadas as caracter{\'{\i}}sticas de
inflamabilidade de alguns materiais polim{\'e}ricos aplicados no
setor aeroespacial: o polietileno de alta densidade, a parafina e
seus compostos com corante preto, negro de fumo e nanofibra de
carbono e materiais de prote{\c{c}}{\~o}es t{\'e}rmicas para
motores-foguete, {\`a} base de polibutadieno hidroxilado. Foram
determinadas as taxas de libera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de calor, a
evolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o e a taxa de consumo de massa, o calor de
combust{\~a}o, as temperaturas e as fra{\c{c}}{\~o}es molares
de \textit{CO\$_{2}\$, CO, NO\$_{x}\$ e UHC} emitidos por
amostras de se{\c{c}}{\~a}o quadrada
(100\textit{mm\$^{x}\$}100\textit{mm\$^{x}\$}10\textit{mm})
testadas em um calor{\'{\i}}metro c{\^o}nico, sob
pot{\^e}ncias de aquecimento de 1500 \textit{W} e 2100
\textit{W}, com e sem igni{\c{c}}{\~a}o externa. O
calor{\'{\i}}metro c{\^o}nico foi constru{\'{\i}}do com base
na norma ASTM E 1354-03 que descreve um m{\'e}todo padr{\~a}o de
medida das taxas de libera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de calor e da
fuma{\c{c}}a liberada, em fun{\c{c}}{\~a}o do consumo de
oxig{\^e}nio, com fluxos de calor incidente pr{\'e}-definidos
sobre a amostra. A parafina e seus compostos foram comparados com
o polietileno de alta densidade visando aplica{\c{c}}{\~o}es em
propuls{\~a}o h{\'{\i}}brida. Verificou-se que a parafina
aditivada com negro de fumo e com nanofibra de carbono apresenta
os maiores picos da taxa de libera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de calor e da
taxa de consumo de massa. Embora a parafina tenha apresentado
picos menores que os seus compostos com aditivos, ainda assim
foram maiores que o do polietileno de alta densidade. Verificou-se
a independ{\^e}ncia do calor total liberado com as pot{\^e}ncias
de aquecimento. A forma{\c{c}}{\~a}o de \textit{UHC} foi mais
significativa para a pot{\^e}ncia de aquecimento menor. As
emiss{\~o}es de \textit{NO\$_{x}\$} foram maiores para
parafinas com aditivos contendo nitrog{\^e}nio. As
prote{\c{c}}{\~o}es t{\'e}rmicas foram analisadas tendo em
vista aplica{\c{c}}{\~o}es no VLS e em outros foguetes
brasileiros. Verificou-se que os picos da taxa de
libera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de calor e da taxa de consumo de massa foram
maiores para o material \textit{LHNA 02/SC}, seguido dos
materiais \textit{LHNA 02, PTDT/S-AM} e \textit{PTDT}. A
diferen{\c{c}}a das forma{\c{c}}{\~o}es de
\textit{NO\$_{x}\$} e de \textit{UHC} para pot{\^e}ncias de
1500 \textit{W} e 2100 \textit{W} foram pouco significativas,
mas a forma{\c{c}}{\~a}o do \textit{UHC} para uma mesma
pot{\^e}ncia foi 5 vezes aproximadamente maior que o
\textit{NO\$_{x}\$}. ABSTRACT: This work analyses the
flammability characteristics of some polymeric materials used in
the aerospace sector: high density polyethylene; paraffin and
paraffin mixtures with black dye, carbon black and carbon
nanofibers; and materials for thermal protection based on
hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene. Heat release rates were
determined, as well as mass evolution and mass consumption rates,
heats of combustion, temperatures and molar fractions of \textit
{CO\$_{2}\$}, \textit{CO}, \textit{NO\$_{x}\$} and
\textit{UHC} emitted by square samples (100mm\$^{x}\$
100mm\$^{x}\$ 10mm), burned in a cone calorimeter under heating
powers of 1500\textit{W} and 2100\textit{W}, with and without
external ignition. The cone calorimeter was built based on the
ASTM E 1354-03 standard which describes a method for measurement
of heat release rate and smoke release as function of oxygen
consumption of a sample burned under a prescribed heat flux.
Paraffin and mixtures of paraffin and additives were compared to
high density polyethylene aiming applications in hybrid
propulsion. It was verified that paraffin mixed with carbon black
and carbon nanofibers presents the highest peaks of heat release
rate and mass consumption rate. Despite paraffin presents lower
peaks of heat release rate and mass consumption rate than paraffin
with additives, they were higher than the peaks yielded by high
density polyethylene. It was verified that the total heat release
of a burned sample is independent of external heat input.
\textit{UHC} formation was more significant for the lower heat
input. \textit{NO\$_{x}\$} emissions were higher for paraffins
with additives containing nitrogen. Materials for thermal
protection were analysed aiming applications in the VLS and other
Brazilian rockets. It was verified that heat release rate peaks
and mass consumption rate peaks were higher for \textit{LHNA
02/SC}, followed by \textit{LHNA 02}, \textit{PTDT/S-AM and
PTDT}. Differences of \textit{NO\$_{x}\$} and \textit{UHC}
emissions for power inputs of 1500 \textit{W} and 2100
\textit{W} were not significant, but \textit{UHC} emissions were
about five times larger than \textit{NO\$_{x}\$} emissions, for
the same input power.",
committee = "Costa, Fernando de Souza (presidente/orientador) and Dourado,
Wladimyr Mattos da Costa and Mendon{\c{c}}a, Marcio Teixeira de
and Martins, Cristiane Aparecida and Dutra, Rita de C{\'a}ssia
Lazzarini",
copyholder = "SID/SCD",
englishtitle = "Flammability characteristics of polymeric materials with
application in the aerospace sector",
language = "pt",
pages = "495",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP7W/3B7L3SE",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP7W/3B7L3SE",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "17 maio 2024"
}